At timestamp 12:37 you'll see the intermediates are the ones that canceled out. This goes back to Chem 2 Kinetics where the intermediates are the ones that cancel out when finding the overall balanced reaction. Intermediates commonly formed in free radical halogenation are in the initiation step ( the 2 halogen radicals, 2 Cl• or 2 Br•), in the propagation step it's the alkyl radical formed (like methyl radical, CH₃•) and the regenerated halogen radical (Cl• or Br•). There are none in the termination step. 

In this video you'll also find intermediates shown at 29:35, this is specifically referring to energy diagrams and identifying the intermediate from the energy diagram. 

If you were looking for other nonradical reactions with examples of intermediates, we have a video that shows the intermediates for SN1 and E1 reactions it starts at timestamp 12:08 in the below video:

Lesson: Drawing Energy Diagrams for SN2, SN1, E2 and E1 Reactions

Does this answer your question?

Thank you for bringing this to our attention, yes that is correct it should be di and tetra substituted. So sorry about that, we will alert the team and get this fixed. 

Covering all the different types of Ochem 1 reactions will happen, it just typically takes the entire semester. The way you can cover Ochem 1 reactions is by watching each video for the specific type of reaction. 

You'll find Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions (SN1, SN2, E1 and E2)  in the following section, each one is a different type of reaction used in Ochem 1.  https://chemmunity.com/categories/category-HNTCdf5Mrws  I recommend watching the first 5 videos in this category.

To understand organometallic reactions watch the first two videos in the Organometallic compounds category: https://chemmunity.com/categories/category-yIVgr3ARaxQ

Yes you can watch the Free Radical Halogenation video this goes into a type of reaction and talks in detail about reactivity, thermodynamics, kinetics and other key terms you'll need to understand. However if you haven't covered radicals yet or Free radical halogenation then I don't recommend watching this yet. 

Hi Riley Johnson, our Chemmunity AI alerted us that you would benefit from watching this video. At timestamp 33:00 you'll find your exact question explained. Also, if you haven't done so already I recommend watching the entire video to fully understand this concept. 

Yes that's correct, a benzylic radical is highly stable. You'll see this again typically in the second semester of Organic Chemistry. This type of reaction that focuses on benzylic radicals is known as free radical allylic bromination or NBS (timestamp 4:15 of the below video).

Chemmunity Team 

3. DMP (Dess-Martin Periodinane)

Reagents: Uses Dess-Martin periodinane, which is an iodine-based oxidizing agent.

Conditions: Very mild and efficient, often used at room temperature.

Products:

Primary alcohols → Aldehydes.

Secondary alcohols → Ketones.

Selectivity: Like the others, it’s selective and stops at the aldehyde stage for primary alcohols. It does not oxidize further to carboxylic acids.

Advantages: DMP is known for being user-friendly and producing fewer byproducts compared to chromium-based reagents like PCC.

1. Swern Oxidation

Reagents: Uses dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), oxalyl chloride, and a base like triethylamine.

Conditions: Mild and performed at low temperatures (around -78°C).

Products:

Primary alcohols → Aldehydes.

Secondary alcohols → Ketones.Selectivity: It’s selective and does not over-oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. It stops at the aldehyde stage.

2. PCC (Pyridinium Chlorochromate)

Reagents: PCC is a chromium-based oxidizing agent, often used with a solvent like dichloromethane (DCM).

Conditions: Mild and does not require extreme temperatures.

Products:

Primary alcohols → Aldehydes.

Secondary alcohols → Ketones.

Selectivity: PCC is also selective and stops at the aldehyde stage for primary alcohols. It does not oxidize further to carboxylic acids, unlike chromic acid 

This goes back to the template shown at 10:58 under the both together text. Think of this as your template of all the possible equatorial and axial positions. Then looking at the given cyclohexane you look at the attached substituents, you also number the chain and apply this to the chair. 

There are multiple possibilities but remember the one with the most equatorial positions is the best and if there is a tie then pick the one that has the bulkier group in the equatorial position. 

There's another example of this in the below video it's question 3 at timestamp 14:34.

At 10:58 of this video Melissa shows you how to tell what is going up or down using her arrow trick. If you were to draw an arrow away from the chair so in the direction of the substituent this will tell you if it is up or down. Use the drawn model under both together as a template of where the typical points and drawings look like. 

I also recommend watching the below video for more practice, it will help you understand this a lot more! 

Hey Michelle, if you haven't already done so, I recommend watching the below video. This goes over all the different formulas and ways to draw structures in Organic Chemistry and will give you the visuals you need to further understand this.